Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, the legendary founder of the Maratha Empire, is a revered figure in Indian history. But do students in Pakistan learn about him? And how do Pakistani authors and educators view his legacy? The answers reveal a nuanced and sometimes surprising cross-border perspective.
Yes, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj is mentioned in some Pakistani history textbooks. Documentary evidence from a 1980 school history textbook in Pakistan describes Shivaji as “one of the constructive geniuses that Hindu India ever produced.” This acknowledgment is notable, considering the political and religious tensions between the two countries.The inclusion is not extensive, but Shivaji’s military leadership and administrative skills are recognized, especially in the context of his resistance against the Mughal Empire. Pakistani textbooks typically present him as a formidable opponent to Mughal authority and a significant historical figure in the subcontinent.
The respect for Shivaji Maharaj is not limited to textbooks. Anecdotes from the 1960s recount how Pakistan’s then-President, General Ayub Khan, held Shivaji in high regard as a military commander. During a meeting with a visiting Maharashtrian, Ayub Khan reportedly said he was eager to meet someone from Mumbai because “you would definitely know Chhatrapati Shivaji.” This story, while anecdotal, is supported by the positive mention of Shivaji in Pakistani educational materials.Pakistani authors and commentators, when discussing South Asian history, often highlight Shivaji’s strategic acumen, especially his innovative naval strategies and his ability to build a resilient empire against powerful adversaries3. Online discussions and reaction videos from Pakistan also show a fascination with Shivaji’s leadership, fort-building, and foresight, with many expressing admiration for his achievements even centuries later.
Before India’s partition in 1947, Marathi communities in Karachi established Marathi-medium schools, including “Shri Shivaji High School,” indicating a historical presence and reverence for Shivaji’s legacy in what is now Pakistan. However, after partition, these institutions relocated to India. Today, Shivaji’s story in Pakistan is primarily found in history lessons about the Mughal era and Maratha resistance, rather than as a central figure in the curriculum.